Women make up 71.4% of the workforce at Spain’s accredited non-profit organisations, yet only 46.7% of those organisations are chaired by a woman, according to Fundación Lealtad’s 2026 study on female presence in the Third Sector. The gap widens further in resources: NGOs led by women manage an average budget of €5.7 million, against €8.9 million for those led by men, a 36% difference. At the same time, Spain’s schools are entering a period of sustained contraction, with primary and secondary enrolment projected to fall by more than 600,000 students between 2025 and 2035, according to a joint study by the Fundación Ramón Areces and Fundación Sociedad y Educación. A sector with a well-documented leadership pipeline problem is about to be asked to manage consolidation at scale. A pipeline that works at entry level and narrows at the top The pattern in Spain’s non-profit sector is specific enough to be worth naming precisely. Fundación Lealtad’s research found that 61.2% of accredited organisations now have a woman in the General Director role, up 12 percentage points over five years. That role is usually reached through internal promotion, which is why the figure broadly tracks the workforce’s gender composition. The Board Presidency is a different story: only 46.7% are chaired by a woman, and that role is typically filled through external appointment, a process where, according to Fundación Lealtad’s own analysis, structural bias has more room to operate. The larger the organisation, the less likely it is to be led by a woman at either level. This has produced a role that most boards have not formally named yet: a General Director increasingly expected to carry board-level governance responsibilities that, until recently, sat exclusively with the Presidency. Compensation structures and job descriptions have not caught up with what the role now actually requires. A new role born from the enrolment decline